Foundation of public heath open book Exam Assignment

Foundation of public heath open book Exam - Assignment Example Statistics also report high levels of cirrhosis in poverty-stricken countries, and the cause of such increased incidence rates in those places is partly due to malnutrition. Malnutrition, therefore, is an indirect cause of cirrhosis as it disrupts the immune mechanisms of the human body. Further, infections may lead to the development of cirrhosis. For instance, hepatitis non-A, non-B, or B can cause cirrhosis cases (Prasad, n.d.). Hepatitis B, non-A, or non-B are all diseases that affect the liver, and consequently lead to the development of liver cirrhosis. Studies continue to document the relationship between various agents and cirrhosis. What remains clear though is that alcohol-containing substances appear to have a more direct relationship while other factors such a disease and malnutrition aggravate cirrhosis or spur it development. The direct and indirect contributing factors are of equal importance as they are associated with a disease that does not have any treatment. Health disparities mean variations that exist between cohorts or groups of people. These variations can impact the frequency that group gets diseases, the number of people who get sick, and the frequency of mortality due to the disease. Common populations affected by health disparities include ethnic and racial minorities, rural areas’ residents, children, women, and the elderly, and people with disabilities (NIH, 2013). Health disparities mirror a deficiency of efficiency with health care systems and thus lead to unnecessary costs. Mortality ratios for cancer of the lungs are elevated for men from Ireland and Scotland. The rates are also elevated for women from the two countries. Contrarily, the rates of lung cancer are low for women as well as men in migrant groups in the UK from countries such as W Africa, E Africa, S Asia, and Caribbean (Aspinall PJ, 2004). Still on cancer, prostate cancer appears to affect more black people than